High Price

Gender on Morphine Self-Administration in Rats,” Psychopharmacology 58 (1978): 175–79; P. F. Hadaway et al., “The Effect of Housing and Gender on Preference for Morphine-Sucrose Solutions in Rats,” Psychopharmacology 66 (1979): 87–91.
    5. C. Chauvet et al., “Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Incubation of Cocaine Craving,” Neuropharmacology 63 (2012): 635–41; M. D. Puhl et al., “Environmental Enrichment Protects Against the Acquisition of Cocaine Self-Administration in Adult Male Rats, but Does Not Eliminate Avoidance of a Drug-Associated Saccharin Cue,” Behavioural Pharmacology 23 (2012): 43–53; D. J. Stairs, E. D. Klein, and M. T. Bardo, “Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Extinction and Reinstatement of Amphetamine Self-Administration and Sucrose-Maintained Responding,” Behavioural Pharmacology 17 (2006): 597–604.
    6. M. E. Carroll, S. T. Lac, and S. L. Nygaard, “A Concurrently Available Nondrug Reinforcer Prevents the Acquisition or Decreases the Maintenance of Cocaine-Reinforced Behavior,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 97, no. 1 (1989): 23–29.
    7. M. Lenoir et al., “Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward,” PLoS One 2, no. 8 (August 2007): e698.
    8. M. A. Nader and W. L. Woolverton, “Effects of Increasing the Magnitude of an Alternative Reinforcer on Drug Choice in a Discrete-Trials Choice Procedure,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 105, no. 2 (1991): 169–74.
    9. S. T. Higgins, W. K. Bickel, and J. R. Hughes, “Influence of an Alternative Reinforcer on Human Cocaine Self-Administration,” Life Sciences 55, no. 3 (1994): 179–87.
    Chapter 6: Drugs and Guns
    1. National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10Results/Web/HTML/2k10Results.htm#7.1.5.
    2. Christopher J. Mumola and Jennifer C. Karberg, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004.
    3. Ibid.
    4. P. J. Goldstein, H. H. Brownstein, P. J. Ryan, and P. A. Bellucci, “Crack and Homicide in New York City: A Case Study in the Epidemiology of Violence,” in Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine, eds., Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 113–30.
    5. S. R. Dube et al., “Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” Pediatrics 111, no. 3 (March 2003): 564–72, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/111/3/564.long.
    Chapter 7: Choices and Chances
    1. Anna Aizer and Joseph J. Doyle Jr., “Juvenile Incarceration and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from Randomly-Assigned Judges,” National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2011.
    2. U. Gatti, R. E. Tremblay, and F. Vitaro, “Iatrogenic Effect of Juvenile Justice,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 (2009): 991–98.
    3. T. J. Dishion, F. McCord, and J. Poulin, “When Interventions Harm: Peer Groups and Problem Behavior,” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 755–61.
    4. Campaign for Youth Justice, “Critical Condition: African American Youth in the Criminal Justice System,” September 25, 2008, p. 1, http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org.
    5. Ibid., pp. 16, 27.
    Chapter 8: Basic Training
    1. Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2009).
    2. R. Balko, “Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America,” white paper, 2006.
    3. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Data Supplement 2011 (2012), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/2011_data_supplement.pdf.
    4. Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine, eds., Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 19.
    5. Edith Fairman Cooper, The Emergence of Crack Cocaine Abuse (New York: Novinka Books, 2002), p. 49.
    6. L. D. Johnston et al., Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2011, vol. 1 , Secondary School Students (Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012).
    Chapter 9: “Home Is Where the Hatred Is”
    1. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “Competitiveness, Risk Taking, and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome,” Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985): 59–73.
    2. L. D. Johnston et al., Monitoring the Future: